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As the metabolic and detoxification center of the body, the liver is closely involved in many critical physiological processes, such as metabolism, immunity, digestion, storage of liver glycogen and synthesis of proteins. Normal l...
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As the metabolic and detoxification center of the body, the liver is closely involved in many critical physiological processes, such as metabolism, immunity, digestion, storage of liver glycogen and synthesis of proteins. Normal liver function is essential for maintaining the health and stability of the body, and abnormal liver function can lead to a variety of liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver, liver cancer, hepatitis, and liver fibrosis. Early diagnosis can buy valuable time for the treatment of liver disease. In the process of disease onset and progression, the fluctuation of biomarkers can directly reflect the health status of the liver, providing valuable opportunities and avenues for the diagnosis of liver disease and assessment of treatment efficacy. In recent years, a large number of fluorescent probes have been reported for the detection of biomarkers of liver diseases, which provides rich and valuable information for the study of pathological processes, drug development, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The review systematically summarizes the recent progress of fluorescence probes in the detection of hepatopathy-related biomarkers in the past three years, including the design and recognition mechanism of fluorescence probes, the main types of liver diseases and typical biomarkers. Also, we deeply discussed the problems and shortcomings of the current fluorescent probes and furnished the direction and path for future development. In the future, long wavelength probes, multi-detection probes, quantitative analysis probes, and multi-modal probes will be popular trends. We expect that this review may facilitate the blossom of novel fluorescent probes for disease detection research and further provide meaningful guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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In this paper, we establish global W-2,W-p estimates for solutions to the linearized Monge-Ampere equation L(phi)u := tr[Phi D(2)u] = f under appropriate conditions on the domain, Monge-Ampere measures, boundary data and f, Phi :=...
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In this paper, we establish global W-2,W-p estimates for solutions to the linearized Monge-Ampere equation L(phi)u := tr[Phi D(2)u] = f under appropriate conditions on the domain, Monge-Ampere measures, boundary data and f, Phi := (det D-2 phi)(D-2 phi)(-1) is the cofactor matrix of D-2 phi. and the density of the Monge-Ampere measure g := det D-2 phi satisfies a VMO-type condition.
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Thermoelectric generators, capable of directly converting heat into electricity, hold great promise for tackling the ever-increasing energy sustainability issue. The thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency is heavily dependent...
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Thermoelectric generators, capable of directly converting heat into electricity, hold great promise for tackling the ever-increasing energy sustainability issue. The thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency is heavily dependent upon the materials' performance that is quantified by the dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZT). Therefore, the central issue in the research of thermoelectric materials lies in continuously boosting the ZT value. Although thermoelectric effects were discovered in the nineteenth century, it was only until the 1950s when classic materials like Bi2Te3 and PbTe were developed and basic science of thermoelectrics was established. However, the research of thermoelectrics did not take a smooth path but a rather tortuous one with ups and downs. After hiatus in the 1970s and 1980s, relentless efforts starting from the 1990s were devoted to understanding the transport and coupling of electrons and phonons, identifying strategies for improving the thermoelectric performance of existing materials, and discovering new promising compounds. Rewardingly, substantial improvements in materials' performance have been achieved that broke the ZT limit of unity. Meanwhile, advancements in fundamental understanding related to thermoelectrics have also been made. In this Review, recent advances in the research of thermoelectric materials are overviewed. Herein, strategies for improving and decoupling the individual thermoelectric parameters are first reviewed, together with a discussion on open questions and distinctly different opinions. Recent advancements on a number of good thermoelectric materials are highlighted and several newly discovered promising compounds are discussed. Existing challenges in the research of thermoelectric materials are outlined and an outlook for the future thermoelectrics research is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of topics in other fields but related to thermoelectricity.
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The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, v...
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The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.
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The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated...
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The recent realistic estimate of fungal numbers which used various algorithms was between 2.2 and 3.8 million. There are nearly 100,000 accepted species of Fungi and fungus-like taxa, which is between 2.6 and 4.5% of the estimated species. Several forums such as Botanica Marina series, Fungal Diversity notes, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, Fungal Systematics and Evolution-New and Interesting Fungi, Mycosphere notes and Fungal Planet have enhanced the introduction of new taxa and nearly 2000 species have been introduced in these publications in the last decade. The need to define a fungal species more accurately has been recognized, but there is much research needed before this can be better clarified. We address the evidence that is needed to estimate the numbers of fungi and address the various advances that have been made towards its understanding. Some genera are barely known, whereas some plant pathogens comprise numerous species complexes and numbers are steadily increasing. In this paper, we examine ten genera as case studies to establish trends in fungal description and introduce new species in each genus. The genera are the ascomycetesColletotrichumandPestalotiopsis(with many species or complexes),Atrocalyx,Dothiora, Lignosphaeria,Okeanomyces, Rhamphoriopsis,Thozetella,Thyrostroma(relatively poorly studied genera) and the basidiomycete genusLepiota. We provide examples where knowledge is incomplete or lacking and suggest areas needing further research. These include (1) the need to establish what is a species, (2) the need to establish how host-specific fungi are, not in highly disturbed urban areas, but in pristine or relatively undisturbed forests, and (3) the need to establish if species in different continents, islands, countries or regions are different, or if the same fungi occur worldwide? Finally, we conclude whether we are anywhere near to flattening the curve in new species description.
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Dicyanoisophorone (DCI) has been used extensively as a quality acceptor for designing chemical sensors tar-geting different analytes, and developing a series of well-established DCI fluorophores with large Stokes shifts. As an eme...
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Dicyanoisophorone (DCI) has been used extensively as a quality acceptor for designing chemical sensors tar-geting different analytes, and developing a series of well-established DCI fluorophores with large Stokes shifts. As an emerging, powerful, and adaptable NIR fluorescence platform, DCI-based fluorescence probes are wildly being used in spectroscopy, biochemistry and medicine. This is the first review to focus solely on DCI-based fluorescent probes and classifies common DCI fluorescent platforms from reported probes, providing a comprehensive re-view of DCI-based small molecule fluorescent probes reported from 2018 to 2023. Among others, we discuss in detail the historical development of DCI fluorophores, synthetic methods, optical properties, and sensing mechanisms. Based on the classification of different analytes, the design strategies, and applications for detecting and visualizing in living organisms are systematically discussed. Finally, we present our perspective on the future developments and application of DCI-based fluorescent probes, and the challenges they face in current are also discussed. We hope that this review will provide new design ideas and strong theoretical support for the development of more powerful DCI-based fluorescent probes.
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Dysregulation of the immune system is a cardinal feature of opioid addiction. Here, we characterize the land-scape of peripheral immune cells from patients with opioid use disorder and from healthy controls. Opioid-associated bloo...
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Dysregulation of the immune system is a cardinal feature of opioid addiction. Here, we characterize the land-scape of peripheral immune cells from patients with opioid use disorder and from healthy controls. Opioid-associated blood exhibited an abnormal distribution of immune cells characterized by a significant expan-sion of fragile-like regulatory T cells (Tregs), which was positively correlated with the withdrawal score. Anal-ogously, opioid-treated mice also showed enhanced Treg-derived interferon-y (IFN-y) expression. IFN-y signaling reshaped synaptic morphology in nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons, modulating subsequent with-drawal symptoms. We demonstrate that opioids increase the expression of neuron-derived C-C motif che-mokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) and disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through the downregulation of astro-cyte-derived fatty-acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7), which both triggered peripheral Treg infiltration into NAc. Our study demonstrates that opioids drive the expansion of fragile-like Tregs and favor peripheral Treg dia-pedesis across the BBB, which leads to IFN-y-mediated synaptic instability and subsequent withdrawal symptoms.
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Quality of experience (QoE) is the perceptual quality of service (QoS) from the users' perspective. For video service, the relationship between QoE and QoS (such as coding parameters and network statistics) is complicated because ...
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Quality of experience (QoE) is the perceptual quality of service (QoS) from the users' perspective. For video service, the relationship between QoE and QoS (such as coding parameters and network statistics) is complicated because users' perceptual video quality is subjective and diversified in different environments. Traditionally, QoE is obtained from subjective test, where human viewers evaluate the quality of tested videos under a laboratory environment. To avoid high cost and offline nature of such tests, objective quality models are developed to predict QoE based on objective QoS parameters, but it is still an indirect way to estimate QoE. With the rising popularity of video streaming over the Internet, data-driven QoE analysis models have newly emerged due to availability of large-scale data. In this paper, we give a comprehensive survey of the evolution of video quality assessment methods, analyzing their characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks. We also introduce QoE-based video applications and, finally, identify the future research directions of QoE.
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We consider Monge-Ampere equations with right hand side f that degenerate to infinity near the boundary of a convex domain Omega, which are of the type
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Dendrobium nobile Lindl (DNL) is one of the main sources of traditional Chinese medicine, Shihu (Dendrobii caulis). In recent years, the strong antitumor activity of the extract from DNL makes it a hot research object. This paper ...
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Dendrobium nobile Lindl (DNL) is one of the main sources of traditional Chinese medicine, Shihu (Dendrobii caulis). In recent years, the strong antitumor activity of the extract from DNL makes it a hot research object. This paper systematically summarizes the researches of DNL from 1935 to 2022, including the botanical characteristics, herbal textual research, chemical composition, pharmacological activity and toxicology of DNL, in order to provide inspiration for the later research, further development, as well as reasonable application of DNL. The stems of DNL contains alkaloids, polysaccharides, sesquiterpenes, Phenanthrenes, benzenes and other chemical components. Among them, alkaloids and polysaccharides have been regarded as the main active constitutents, with dendrobine (1) the characteristic components. So far, as many as 213 compounds have been isolated from DNL, and 101 compounds have been identified from the flowers of DNL via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It has been found that the extract of DNL exhibit various pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, blood sugar reduction, nerve protection, immuneenhancement, anti-inflammation, and anti-aging. Most of the pharmacological researches are on the total polysaccharides and total alkaloids of DNL. Besides being used as a medicinal material, DNL also often appears in daily diet and health care. However, the toxicity of DNL was reported in some literatures. Therefore, more in-depth toxicological research is needed to ensure the safety of DNL in medicine and food consumption.
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